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Colonial empire

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A colonial empire is a state engaging in colonization, possibly establishing or maintaining colonies, infused with some form of coloniality and colonialism. Such states can expand contiguous as well as overseas. Colonial empires may set up colonies as settler colonies.cite-ref-1[1]

Before the expansion of early modern European powers, other empires had conquered and colonized territories, such as the Roman Empire in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. Modern colonial empires first emerged with a race of explorationcite-ref-2[2] between the then most advanced European maritime powers, Portugal and Spain, during the 15th century.cite-ref-3[3] The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance. Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in 1479, 1493, and 1494. European imperialism was born out of competition between European Christians and Ottoman Muslims, the latter of which rose up quickly in the 14th century and forced the Spanish and Portuguese to seek new trade routes to India, and to a lesser extent, China.

Although colonies existed in classical antiquity, especially amongst the Phoenicians and the ancient Greeks who settled many islands and coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, these colonies were politically independent from the city-states they originated from, and thus did not constitute a colonial empire.cite-ref-4[4] This paradigm shifted by the time of the Ptolemaic Empire, the Seleucid Empire, and the Roman Empire.

The European countries of the modern era that are most remembered as colonial empires are the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Netherlands, France, Germany and Belgium.cite-ref-5[5]cite-ref-6[6]

Contents

• History

• European colonial empires

• Timeline

• List of colonial empires

• See also

• Notes and references

• External links

History

European colonial empires

Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and one of the first colonial empirescite-ref-7[7]cite-ref-8[8] under the leadership of Henry the Navigator. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories distributed across the globe (especially at one time in the 16th century) that are now parts of 60 different sovereign states. Portugal would eventually control Brazil, territories such as what is now Uruguay and some fishing ports in north, in the Americas; Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea, and São Tomé and Príncipe (among other territories and bases) in the North and the Subsaharan Africa; cities, forts or territories in all the Asian subcontinents, as Muscat, Ormus and Bahrain (amongst other bases) in the Persian Gulf; Goa, Bombay and Daman and Diu (amongst other coastal cities) in India; Portuguese Ceylon; Malacca, bases in Southeast Asia and Oceania, as Makassar, Solor, Banda, Ambon and others in the Moluccas, Portuguese Timor; and the granted entrepôt-base of Macau and the entrepôt-enclave of Dejima (Nagasaki) in East Asia, amongst other smaller or short-lived possessions.

During its Siglo de Oro, the Spanish Empire had possession of Mexico, South America, the Philippines, all of southern Italy, a stretch of territories from the Duchy of Milan to the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium, parts of Burgundy, and many colonial settlements in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Possessions in Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Americas, the Pacific Ocean, and East Asia qualified the Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence. From 1580 to 1640 the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire were conjoined in a personal union of its Habsburg monarchs during the period of the Iberian Union, but beneath the highest level of government, their separate administrations were maintained.

Subsequent colonial empires included the English, Dutch and French empires. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, by virtue of its technological and maritime supremacy, the British Empire steadily expanded to become by far the largest empire in history; at its height ruling over a quarter of the Earth's land area and 24% of the population. Britain's role as a global hegemon during this time ushered in a century of "British Peace", lasting from the end of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars to the start of World War I. During the New Imperialism, Italy and Germany also built their colonial empires in Africa, while Japan started to encroach into former Chinese domains after they have settled their own reformation.

Timeline

The chart below shows the span of some European colonial empires.

• Black lines mark the year of the empires largest territorial extent of land area.

• Red represents that the empire is at that time a monarchy.

• Blue represents that the empire is at that time a republic.

List of colonial empires

European:

• Belgian Empire (1908–1962)

• Possessions in Africa

• Belgian Congo (1908–1960)

• Ruanda-Urundi (1922–1962)

• Possessions in Asia

• Belgian concession of Tianjin (1902–1931)

• British Empire (1707–1997/present)

• Evolution of the British Empire; Angevin Empire; English colonial empire (1585–1707)

• Possessions in Europe

• British Cyprus

• British Malta

• British Ireland

• United States of the Ionian Islands

• British Gibraltar

• British Minorca

• British Heligoland

• Possessions in Africa

• British Somaliland (1884–1960)

• British Egypt (1914–1936)

• Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)

• East Africa Protectorate (1895–1920)

• Kenya Colony (1920–1963)

• Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962)

• Tanganyika (territory) (1922–1961)

• Protectorate of Nyasaland (1893–1964)

• Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (1924–1964)

• Colony of Southern Rhodesia (1923–1965), (1979–1980)

• Bechuanaland Protectorate (1885–1966)

• British Nigeria (1914–1954)

• British Gold Coast (1867–1957)

• British Sierra Leone (1808–1961)

• British Gambia (1821–1965)

• Possessions in the Americas

• Thirteen Colonies

• British West Indies

• Bahamas

• Barbados

• Bermuda

• Leeward Islands (1671–1816),(1833–1958)

• Windward Islands (1833–1960)

• Cayman Islands

• Colony of Jamaica (1655–1962)

• Trinidad and Tobago

• Turks and Caicos Islands

• British Honduras (1862–1981)

• British Guiana (1814–1966)

• Kingdom of Mosquitia (1638–1860)

• Possessions in South Asia

• East India Company (1757–1858)

• India (1858–1947)

• Ceylon (1815–1948)

• Bhutan (protectorate) (1907–1947)

• Sikkim (protectorate) (1861–1948)

• Nepal (protectorate) (1816–1923)

• Possessions in East Asia

• British Hong Kong (1841–1997)

• Possessions in the Middle East

• Trucial States (1820–1971)

• British Bahrain (1861-1971)

• British Qatar (1916–1971)

• British Iraq (1920–1932) (1932–1958)

• Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946)

• Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)

• Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1899–1961)

• Aden Protectorate (1872–1963)

• Muscat and Oman (1892–1970)

• Emirate of Afghanistan (protectorate) (1879–1947)

• Possessions in Southeast Asia

• British Bencoolen

• British Malaya

• British Borneo

• Dominions of the United Kingdom

• Canada

• Dominion of Newfoundland

• States and territories of Australia (1901–present)

• Australia itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1901, 1942 and 1986, was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandates of New Guinea and Nauru

• Realm of New Zealand (1907–present)

• New Zealand itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1907, 1947 and 1986, was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandate of Samoa. It was also nominal co-trustee of the mandate of Nauru. The remaining non-self-governing New Zealand territory is Tokelau.

• Mandates under South African administration (1915–1990)

• The South-West Africa mandate was governed by the Union of South Africa, that itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1910, 1931 and 1961.

• Danish Empire (1620–1979/present)

• Danish India (1620–1869)

• Danish Gold Coast (1658–1850)

• Danish colonization of the Americas:

• Danish West Indies (1754–1917)

• Greenland (1814–1979)

• Dutch Empire (1602–1975/present)

• Dutch colonization of the Americas by Dutch West India Company:

• New Netherland

• Dutch Guyana/Surinam

• Dutch Brazil (1630–1654)

• Dutch Caribbean